Etymed

Glossary

819 physician-reviewed terms.

A

abscessa localized collection of pus in tissues, organs, or circulatory spaces, usually caused by… acanthosisabnormal condition characterized by thickening and roughening of the skin, often appearing as… achalasiaA disorder of the esophagus characterized by the inability of the lower esophageal sphincter to… achondroplasiaA genetic disorder characterized by abnormal cartilage development leading to disproportionate… acromegalyA hormonal disorder characterized by excessive growth hormone production, leading to enlargement… actinic keratosisA precancerous skin condition characterized by rough, scaly patches on sun-damaged skin adenoidectomysurgical removal of the adenoids adrenal adenomaA tumor arising from glandular tissue of the adrenal gland adrenal hyperplasiaabnormal enlargement or overgrowth of adrenal gland tissue adrenal insufficiencyA condition in which the adrenal glands do not produce adequate amounts of hormones, particularly… adrenalectomySurgical removal of the adrenal gland adrenocortical carcinomaA malignant tumor arising from the cortex of the adrenal gland adrenogenital syndromeA disorder affecting both adrenal glands and genital organs, typically characterized by abnormal… agnosiaLoss of ability to recognize or identify objects, persons, or phenomena despite intact sensory… akinesiaThe absence or loss of normal muscular movement or activity albuminuriapresence of albumin (a white protein) in urine alopeciaThe condition of lacking hair or baldness alveolitisInflammation of the alveoli, the small air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs amenorrheaabsence of menstruation amnesiaLoss or impairment of memory amniocentesissurgical puncture of the amnion for diagnostic purposes anaphylaxisA severe, life-threatening allergic reaction that occurs when the immune system overreacts to a… anaplastic thyroid carcinomaA highly malignant and aggressive form of thyroid cancer characterized by poorly differentiated… anemiaA condition characterized by a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin in the blood, resulting… anencephalyA congenital malformation in which the brain and skull are underdeveloped or absent, resulting in… anesthesiaA medical condition of loss of sensation or feeling, typically induced by anesthetics for surgical… angina pectorisA condition characterized by chest pain or discomfort due to reduced blood flow to the heart muscle angiodysplasiaA condition characterized by abnormal development or formation of blood vessels, often resulting… angioedemaSwelling beneath the skin or mucous membranes caused by fluid accumulation in the deeper layers of… angiogenesisthe physiological process of forming new blood vessels from pre-existing vessels angiographyThe process of producing images of blood vessels or organs after the injection of a contrast medium angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathyA pathological condition affecting lymph nodes and lymphatic system, characterized by abnormal… angioplastyA minimally invasive procedure to widen narrowed or obstructed blood vessels, typically arteries,… anisocytosisAbnormal condition characterized by variation in the size and shape of cells, particularly red… ankylosing spondylitisA chronic inflammatory disease affecting the spine and sacroiliac joints, characterized by… ankylosisAbnormal condition characterized by stiffness and rigidity of joints or bones anorectal abscessA localized collection of pus in the tissues surrounding the anus and rectum anthracosisA chronic lung disease caused by prolonged inhalation of coal dust, characterized by the… anticoagulationThe process of preventing or reducing blood clotting anuriaThe absence or near absence of urine production and excretion aortic aneurysmabnormal dilation or bulging of the aorta aortic dissectionA serious medical condition where there is a tear in the inner layer of the aorta, causing blood… aortic stenosisabnormal narrowing of the aortic valve aortitisinflammation of the aorta aortographyThe process of producing radiographic images of the aorta for diagnostic purposes aphasiaLoss or impairment of ability to understand or express speech aplastic anemiaA condition characterized by the failure of bone marrow to produce sufficient blood cells,… apneaTemporary cessation of breathing appendectomysurgical removal of the appendix appendicitisinflammation of the appendix apraxiaA neurological condition characterized by the inability to perform voluntary movements or actions… arteriogenesisThe physiological process of forming new arteries or the development of new arterial connections arteriographyThe process of recording or visualizing arteries, typically through radiographic imaging arteriopathyA pathological condition affecting the arteries arteriosclerosisA pathological condition characterized by the thickening and hardening of arterial walls, leading… arteriovenous fistulaAn abnormal connection or communication between an artery and a vein, bypassing the capillary bed arteriovenous malformationAn abnormal tangle of blood vessels where arteries connect directly to veins without the normal… arthralgiaPain in a joint arthritisInflammation of a joint arthrocentesissurgical puncture of a joint cavity for the removal of fluid arthrodesisSurgical fusion of a joint to relieve pain and improve stability arthropathyA disease or pathological condition affecting the joints arthroplastysurgical repair or reconstruction of a joint arthroscopyMedical procedure using an arthroscope to visualize inside a joint asbestosisA chronic lung disease caused by inhaling asbestos fibers, characterized by scarring of lung tissue ascitesThe abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity, causing abdominal distension aspergillosisA fungal infection caused by Aspergillus species, characterized by the formation of fungal masses… astrocytomaA tumor derived from astrocytes, which are star-shaped cells in the nervous system ataxiaLack of coordination of muscle movements atelectasisAbnormal condition characterized by the collapse or incomplete expansion of lung tissue, resulting… atherogenesisThe formation or development of atheroma or fatty deposits in the arterial wall atheromaA tumor or mass without fire (as in inflammation or fever), specifically referring to… atherosclerosisHardening of the arteries atrial fibrillationirregular and rapid beating of the atria of the heart atrial septal defectA congenital heart defect characterized by a hole in the septum between the atria of the heart atrioventricular blockA cardiac conduction abnormality where electrical impulses are partially or completely blocked… autoimmunityThe immune system's response to self-antigens, resulting in autoimmune diseases where the body's… autonomic neuropathyA disease affecting the autonomic nervous system autosplenectomySurgical removal of one's own spleen azotemiaAbnormal elevation of nitrogenous waste products in the blood, particularly urea and creatinine,…

B

basal cell carcinomaA type of skin cancer that begins in the basal cells of the epidermis basophiliaThe tendency of certain cells or tissues to take up basic dyes or stains, particularly used in… biopsyThe removal and examination of tissue or cells for diagnostic purposes bladder diverticulumA pathological pouch or sac that protrudes from the wall of the bladder blastomycosisA fungal infection caused by Blastomyces dermatitidis, characterized by the formation of… bone marrow biopsyA medical procedure involving the surgical removal and examination of bone marrow tissue to… bradycardiaA cardiac condition characterized by an abnormally slow heart rate, typically fewer than 60 beats… bradykinesiaA medical term describing a condition characterized by abnormally slow movement, often seen in… bradypneaabnormally slow breathing rate bronchiectasisabnormal dilation of the bronchi bronchiolitisInflammation of the bronchioles, the smallest branches of the respiratory tree bronchitisInflammation of the bronchial tubes (bronchi) in the respiratory system bronchoalveolar lavageA medical procedure involving the washing out of the alveoli in the lungs through a bronchoscope bronchogenic carcinomaA malignant tumor that arises from the epithelial cells lining the bronchi or bronchial tree bronchomalaciaA condition characterized by softening or weakening of the bronchial walls, leading to airway… bronchopneumoniaInflammation of the bronchi and lungs, typically caused by bacterial infection bronchoscopyMedical examination of the bronchi using a bronchoscope bronchospasmSudden, forceful constriction of the smooth muscles in the bronchial tubes, causing airway… burkitt lymphomaA malignant lymphoma characterized by the rapid proliferation of lymphocytes, named after Dr.… bursitisInflammation of a bursa, a small sac filled with fluid that reduces friction between tissues in…

C

calcaneal spurA bony projection that extends from the calcaneus (heel bone) and may cause pain in the foot calcinosisabnormal deposition of calcium salts in tissues capsulorrhaphysurgical suturing of a capsule capsulotomysurgical incision of a capsule or capsule-like structure carboxyhemoglobinemiaA blood condition characterized by the presence of carboxyhemoglobin in the blood, resulting from… carbunculosisA pathological condition characterized by the formation of carbuncles or boils cardiac myxomaA benign tumor of the heart that has a gelatinous, myxoid appearance, typically occurring in the… cardiac tamponadeCompression of the heart caused by fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac, leading to impaired… cardiogenic shockA condition characterized by inadequate blood circulation due to the heart's inability to pump… cardiomegalyabnormal enlargement of the heart cardiomyopathyA disease of the heart muscle cardioplastysurgical repair or reconstruction of the heart cardiorrhaphysurgical suturing of the heart cardiothoracic surgerySurgical treatment of conditions affecting the heart and chest organs celiac sprueA chronic inflammatory disease of the small intestine caused by gluten intolerance, characterized… cellulitisinflammation of the connective tissue and subcutaneous tissue, often caused by bacterial infection cephalalgiaPain in the head; headache cerebritisinflammation of the brain cerebrovascular accidentA medical emergency caused by a disruption of blood flow to the brain, typically resulting from a… cervical carcinomaA malignant tumor arising in the cervical region, particularly referring to cervical cancer which… cervicitisinflammation of the cervix cholangiocarcinomaa malignant tumor arising from the epithelial cells lining the bile ducts cholangiographyradiographic imaging of the bile ducts cholangitisInflammation of the bile ducts cholecystectomySurgical removal of the gallbladder cholecystitisInflammation of the gallbladder, typically caused by gallstones blocking the bile ducts choledocholithiasisThe formation or presence of stones (calculi) within the common bile duct cholelithiasisThe formation or presence of gallstones in the gallbladder or bile ducts chondritisinflammation of cartilage chondroblastomaA benign tumor composed of immature cartilage cells chondrodysplasiaA developmental disorder characterized by abnormal cartilage formation and growth, leading to… chondromalaciaSoftening of cartilage, typically referring to the deterioration of cartilage in joints chondrosarcomaa malignant tumor derived from cartilage tissue choreaA movement disorder characterized by involuntary, irregular, non-rhythmic movements choriocarcinomaA malignant tumor arising from trophoblastic tissue, characterized by the presence of chorionic… chorionic villus samplingA prenatal diagnostic procedure that involves taking a small sample of placental tissue to test… chronic lymphocytic leukemiaA type of cancer characterized by the overproduction of mature lymphocytes in the blood and bone… chylothoraxAccumulation of lymphatic fluid in the pleural cavity circumcisionsurgical removal of the foreskin of the penis coagulopathyA disorder of blood coagulation that results in abnormal bleeding or clotting coarctationThe process of drawing or pulling tight; used in medical terms to describe a condition where a… coccidioidomycosisA fungal infection caused by Coccidioides species, characterized by granulomatous lesions that… colectomysurgical removal of all or part of the colon colitisInflammation of the colon colonoscopya medical procedure using a flexible tube with a camera to examine the interior of the colon colorectal adenocarcinomaA malignant tumor arising from the glandular tissue of the colon and rectum colostomysurgical procedure creating an opening in the colon to divert fecal matter colporrhaphysurgical repair of the vagina by suturing colposcopyA medical procedure using a colposcope to examine the vagina and cervix in detail congestive cardiomyopathyA cardiac condition characterized by the accumulation of blood in the heart muscle, leading to… contractureA condition characterized by shortening and stiffening of muscles, tendons, or other tissues,… cor pulmonaleA condition where the right side of the heart becomes enlarged due to lung disease, causing the… craniectomySurgical removal of a portion of the skull craniopharyngiomaA benign tumor arising from remnants of the pharyngeal pouch during embryonic development,… craniosynostosisA condition in which the sutures in an infant's skull close prematurely, causing the skull to grow… craniotomysurgical incision into the skull crescentic glomerulonephritisA severe form of glomerulonephritis characterized by the formation of crescent-shaped cellular… cricothyrotomySurgical incision through the cricoid cartilage and thyroid cartilage to establish an airway cryotherapyTreatment with extreme cold, typically using liquid nitrogen or other cryogenic substances to… cryptorchidismA condition in which one or both testes fail to descend into the scrotum culdocentesisSurgical puncture of the cul-de-sac (the pouch of Douglas) to aspirate fluid or blood, often… cyanosisAbnormal bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to insufficient oxygen in the… cystectomySurgical removal of the bladder cystinuriaA genetic disorder characterized by the excessive excretion of cystine in the urine due to… cystitisInflammation of the bladder lining, typically caused by bacterial infection cystometryThe measurement of the capacity and pressure of the bladder during filling and emptying cystoscopyVisual examination of the bladder using a cystoscope cytogeneticsThe branch of genetics that studies the structure and function of chromosomes and their…

D

demyelinationThe loss of myelin from nerve fibers, resulting in impaired nerve function dermabrasionSurgical procedure involving the removal of the outer layer of skin by abrasion dermatitisinflammation of the skin dermatofibromaA benign tumor composed of fibrous tissue and skin elements dermatofibrosarcomaA rare, slow-growing malignant tumor arising from fibrous tissue in the skin dermatomyositisInflammation of the skin and muscles, characterized by a distinctive skin rash and muscle weakness dermatophytosisA fungal infection of the skin, hair, and nails caused by dermatophyte fungi dermatosclerosisA pathological condition characterized by the hardening and thickening of the skin due to… dermatosisA pathological condition or disease of the skin dextrocardiaA congenital condition in which the heart is positioned on the right side of the thoracic cavity… diabetes insipidusA condition characterized by excessive urination and thirst due to insufficient antidiuretic… diabetes mellitusA metabolic disorder characterized by excessive urination and sweet-tasting urine due to insulin… diabetic angiopathyA pathological condition affecting blood vessels, particularly in diabetic patients diabetic ketoacidosisA serious complication of diabetes characterized by high blood glucose levels, ketone production,… diabetic nephropathyA kidney disease caused by diabetes mellitus, characterized by damage to the kidney's filtering… diabetic neuropathya type of nerve damage that occurs in people with diabetes diabetic retinopathyA disease affecting the retina caused by diabetes, characterized by damage to retinal blood vessels diaphragmatic herniaA hernia that occurs when abdominal organs protrude through the diaphragm diaphragmatoceleA hernia or swelling that occurs when an organ or tissue pushes through a weakness in the diaphragm diastolic dysfunctionAbnormal relaxation or filling of the heart muscle during the diastolic phase of the cardiac cycle diffuse large b-cell lymphomaA type of cancer that originates in B lymphocytes, characterized by large cells and diffuse growth… dilated cardiomyopathya condition in which the heart becomes enlarged and weakened, leading to impaired pumping function diplegiaA form of paralysis that affects the same muscle groups on both sides of the body, such as both… diskectomySurgical removal of a disk disseminated intravascular coagulationA serious medical condition where blood clotting occurs throughout the body's blood vessels,… diverticulitisinflammation of diverticula (small sacs) in the intestinal wall diverticulosisA condition characterized by the presence of multiple diverticula (small pouches) in the… duodenitisinflammation of the duodenum dwarfismA medical condition characterized by short stature, typically due to genetic or hormonal disorders… dysarthriaA motor speech disorder characterized by difficulty in articulating words due to weakness or poor… dysesthesiaAbnormal sensation or feeling, often described as unpleasant or painful, that occurs without… dysgerminomaA malignant ovarian germ cell tumor composed of primitive, undifferentiated germ cells, analogous… dyskeratosisAn abnormal condition characterized by excessive or abnormal keratinization of the skin or mucous… dyskinesiaAbnormal involuntary movements; a condition characterized by abnormal, uncontrolled, and often… dyslexiaA learning disorder characterized by difficulty reading due to problems identifying letters and… dysmenorrheaPainful menstrual flow; severe menstrual cramps dyspareuniaA condition characterized by painful intercourse dyspepsiaA condition characterized by discomfort or pain in the upper abdomen, often accompanied by… dysphagiaDifficulty or pain in swallowing dyspneaMedical term for shortness of breath or difficulty breathing dystoniaA movement disorder characterized by involuntary muscle contractions that cause abnormal, often… dysuriaDifficult or painful urination

E

echocardiographyThe process of recording and visualizing the heart's structure and function using ultrasound waves eclampsiaA serious complication of pregnancy characterized by seizures and high blood pressure ectopic pregnancyA pregnancy in which the fertilized egg implants outside the uterine cavity, most commonly in the… electrocardiographyThe process of recording the electrical activity of the heart using an electrocardiograph electrodesiccationA medical procedure that uses electrical current to dry or desiccate tissue, typically for the… electroencephalographyThe process of recording electrical activity of the brain using electrodes placed on the scalp electromyographyThe process of recording electrical activity in muscles elliptocytosisA blood disorder characterized by the presence of elliptical (oval-shaped) red blood cells instead… embolismA condition in which a blood clot, fat, air bubble, or other foreign material (embolus) blocks a… embryonal carcinomaA malignant tumor that arises from embryonic cells and exhibits characteristics of embryonal… emphysemaA chronic lung disease characterized by the abnormal distension of the air spaces (alveoli) in the… encephalitisinflammation of the brain encephaloceleA congenital defect where brain tissue and membranes protrude through a skull opening encephalopathyA disease or pathological condition of the brain enchondromaA benign tumor composed of cartilage that develops within the medullary cavity of bones endarterectomySurgical removal of the inner lining of an artery, typically performed to treat atherosclerosis or… endocardiosisa pathological condition affecting the inner lining of the heart endocarditisinflammation of the inner lining of the heart chambers (endocardium) endometrial carcinomaA malignant tumor arising from the endometrium (lining of the uterus) endometrial hyperplasiaabnormal excessive growth or development of the endometrium (lining of the uterus) endometriosisA medical condition where tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside the uterus endometritisinflammation of the endometrium (inner lining of the uterus) endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographyA medical procedure that uses an endoscope to examine the bile ducts and pancreas by injecting… enteritisinflammation of the intestinal mucosa enterocolitisinflammation of the small intestine and colon enthesopathyA pathological condition affecting the enthesis, which is the site where tendons or ligaments… eosinophiliaAn increased number of eosinophils in the blood, often indicating an allergic reaction or… ependymomaA tumor arising from the ependymal cells that line the ventricles of the brain and central canal… epicondylitisInflammation of the epicondyle, typically occurring at the elbow joint epidermolysisSeparation of the epidermis from the dermis, often caused by blistering or trauma epididymitisInflammation of the epididymis, a coiled tube located above each testicle that stores and carries… epidural hematomaA collection of blood between the dura mater and the skull, typically caused by trauma epiglottitisinflammation of the epiglottis, the flap of tissue that covers the windpipe during swallowing episiotomysurgical incision made in the perineum during childbirth to enlarge the vaginal opening epispadiasA congenital condition in which the urethra opens on the upper surface of the penis rather than at… epistaxisNosebleed; bleeding from the nose erysipelasa bacterial skin infection characterized by red, swollen, and painful skin lesions erythema multiformeA skin condition characterized by multiple forms of erythematous lesions erythema nodosumA skin condition characterized by red, tender nodules, typically on the lower legs erythrocytosisAn abnormal condition characterized by an excessive number of red blood cells erythropoiesisThe process of producing red blood cells esophageal carcinomaA malignant tumor of the esophagus esophageal stricturenarrowing or constriction of the esophagus esophageal varicesEnlarged, twisted veins in the esophagus, typically caused by increased pressure in the portal… esophagectomysurgical removal of all or part of the esophagus esophagitisinflammation of the esophagus esophagogastroduodenoscopyA medical procedure using an endoscope to visually examine the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum excisionsurgical removal of a part or organ by cutting

F

fasciculationFine, localized muscle twitching or fasciculation fasciitisInflammation of fascia, the fibrous connective tissue that surrounds muscles, blood vessels, and… fasciotomysurgical incision of the fascia to relieve pressure and restore blood flow fibrinolysisThe breakdown or dissolution of fibrin, especially in blood clotting processes fibrodysplasiaA pathological condition characterized by abnormal development or formation of fibrous tissue fibromyalgiaA chronic condition characterized by widespread muscle pain and tenderness in fibrous tissues fistulotomysurgical incision of a fistula to drain pus or other material flow cytometryA technique used to analyze and measure the physical and chemical characteristics of cells by… focal segmental glomerulosclerosisA kidney disease characterized by scarring (sclerosis) in some of the kidney's filtering units… follicular lymphomaA type of lymphoma characterized by the presence of abnormal lymphocytes within lymph node follicles follicular thyroid carcinomaA malignant tumor of the thyroid gland that originates from follicular cells folliculitisinflammation of hair follicles furunculosisA skin condition characterized by the presence of boils or carbuncles

G

galactoceleA cyst or swelling in a breast containing milk, typically occurring in women who are not… galactorrheaabnormal discharge of milk from the breast in the absence of pregnancy or lactation galactosemiaA metabolic disorder characterized by the inability to properly metabolize galactose, resulting in… gastrectomysurgical removal of all or part of the stomach gastric adenocarcinomaa malignant tumor arising from the glandular cells of the stomach lining gastrinomaA tumor that produces gastrin, a hormone that stimulates gastric acid secretion gastritisinflammation of the stomach lining gastroenteritisinflammation of the stomach and intestinal lining, typically causing nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea gastroesophageal refluxbackward flow of stomach contents into the esophagus gastrointestinal stromal tumorA mesenchymal neoplasm of the gastrointestinal tract arising from the interstitial cells of Cajal… gastrojejunostomyA surgical procedure creating an opening between the stomach and the jejunum gastroparesisA condition in which the muscles of the stomach wall are weakened or paralyzed, resulting in… gastrostomysurgical creation of an opening into the stomach for feeding or drainage gestational trophoblastic diseaseA group of disorders characterized by the abnormal growth of trophoblastic tissue during or after… gigantismA medical condition characterized by excessive growth and development, typically resulting from… glioblastomaA malignant brain tumor composed of glial cells that have undergone abnormal proliferation and… gliosisAbnormal condition characterized by proliferation of glial cells, often as a response to brain or… glomerulonephritisInflammation of the glomeruli in the kidneys, characterized by swelling and damage to the tiny… glomerulosclerosisA pathological condition characterized by the hardening and scarring of the glomeruli in the… glucagonomaA tumor that produces and secretes glucagon, typically arising from the pancreas glycogen storage diseaseA group of inherited metabolic disorders characterized by abnormal storage of glycogen in various… glycosuriathe presence of glucose in the urine, typically indicating impaired glucose metabolism or kidney… goiterenlargement of the thyroid gland granulomatosisA pathological condition characterized by the formation of granulomas (small nodules of… granulomatous dermatitisInflammation of the skin characterized by the formation of granulomas granulopoiesisThe process of forming granulocytes (a type of white blood cell) in the bone marrow

H

hairy cell leukemiaA rare, indolent B-cell lymphoid neoplasm characterized by pancytopenia, splenomegaly, and the… hemangiomaA benign tumor composed of blood vessels hemarthrosisabnormal condition characterized by bleeding into a joint cavity hematopoiesisThe process of blood cell formation and development hematuriaThe presence of blood in urine hemiplegiaParalysis affecting only one side of the body, typically the arm and leg on the same side hemochromatosisA condition characterized by excessive iron accumulation in the body, leading to organ damage hemodialysisA medical procedure that filters waste products and excess fluid from the blood using a machine hemoglobinopathyA disease or disorder of hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells hemolytic anemiaA condition characterized by the destruction of red blood cells (hemolysis) leading to a… hemopericardiumThe presence of blood in the pericardial cavity surrounding the heart hemophiliaA genetic disorder characterized by the inability of blood to clot properly due to a deficiency in… hemoptysisthe coughing up of blood from the respiratory tract hemorrhagic diathesisA constitutional tendency to bleed excessively or easily, often due to a coagulation disorder or… hemorrhoidectomySurgical removal of hemorrhoids hemostasisThe process of stopping or controlling bleeding through the clotting of blood hemothoraxabnormal accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity of the chest hepatectomysurgical removal of all or part of the liver hepatic cirrhosisA chronic liver disease characterized by scarring and fibrosis of liver tissue, often resulting in… hepatic fibrosisThe pathological process of excessive fibrous connective tissue formation in the liver, often… hepatic steatosisA pathological condition characterized by the accumulation of fat in liver cells hepatitisinflammation of the liver hepatoblastomaA malignant tumor derived from immature liver cells hepatocellular carcinomaA malignant tumor arising from liver cells (hepatocytes) characterized by uncontrolled growth and… hepatomegalyThe medical term for an enlarged liver hepatorenal syndromeA condition characterized by the simultaneous dysfunction of both liver and kidney function, often… hepatosplenomegalyenlargement of both the liver and spleen herniorrhaphysurgical repair of a hernia by suturing the defect hidradenitisInflammation of a sweat gland or glands hirsutismA condition characterized by excessive hair growth in women, typically in a male pattern histoplasmosisA fungal infection caused by Histoplasma capsulatum, characterized by the formation of… hodgkin lymphomaA malignant tumor of the lymphatic system, characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells,… homocystinuriaA metabolic disorder characterized by the presence of homocystine in the urine due to defective… hydatidiform moleA benign trophoblastic tumor characterized by the presence of hydropic villi and abnormal… hydroceleA condition characterized by accumulation of fluid in a body cavity or sac, typically occurring in… hydrocephalusA medical condition characterized by an abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain hydronephrosisAbnormal condition of the kidney characterized by the accumulation of urine due to obstruction of… hydroureterAbnormal distension or dilation of the ureter, usually caused by obstruction of urine outflow hyperaldosteronismA medical condition characterized by excessive production of aldosterone by the adrenal cortex,… hyperammonemiaA medical condition characterized by elevated levels of ammonia in the bloodstream, which can… hyperandrogenismA pathological condition characterized by excessive production or action of androgens (male… hyperbilirubinemiaA medical condition characterized by elevated levels of bilirubin in the blood, typically… hypercalcemiaA medical condition characterized by elevated levels of calcium in the bloodstream hypercapniaAbnormal condition characterized by elevated levels of carbon dioxide in the blood hypercholesterolemiaA medical condition characterized by abnormally high levels of cholesterol in the blood hypercoagulabilityA pathological condition characterized by an increased tendency for blood to clot excessively,… hypercortisolismA pathological condition characterized by excessive levels of cortisol in the blood, often due to… hyperemesis gravidaruma severe form of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy that can lead to dehydration and weight loss hyperesthesiaAbnormal sensitivity to sensory stimuli; heightened sensation or feeling hyperglycemiaA medical condition characterized by abnormally high levels of glucose in the blood hypergonadismA pathological condition characterized by excessive activity or overproduction of sex glands… hyperinsulinismA pathological condition characterized by excessive production or secretion of insulin by the… hyperkalemiaA medical condition characterized by elevated levels of potassium in the blood hyperkeratosisan abnormal condition characterized by excessive thickening of the outer layer of skin or mucous… hyperkinesiaAn abnormal condition characterized by excessive or uncontrolled movement hyperlipidemiaA pathological condition characterized by elevated levels of lipids (fats) in the blood hypermagnesemiaA pathological condition characterized by elevated levels of magnesium in the bloodstream hypernatremiaA medical condition characterized by elevated sodium concentration in the blood hyperoxaluriaA medical condition characterized by elevated levels of oxalate in the urine, which can lead to… hyperparathyroid bone diseaseA pathological condition characterized by excessive activity of the parathyroid glands leading to… hyperparathyroidismA medical condition characterized by overactivity of the parathyroid glands, leading to excessive… hyperphosphatemiaA medical condition characterized by elevated levels of phosphate in the blood hyperpigmentationan excessive production or deposition of pigment in the skin, resulting in darker areas hyperpituitarismA pathological condition characterized by excessive secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland hypersensitivityan exaggerated immune response to a substance that is normally harmless, resulting in allergic… hypersplenismA pathological condition characterized by an overactive or enlarged spleen that leads to the… hypertensionabnormally high blood pressure hypertensive nephrosclerosisA pathological condition characterized by chronic high blood pressure leading to hardening and… hyperthyroidismA medical condition characterized by excessive production of thyroid hormones, leading to symptoms… hypertriglyceridemiaA medical condition characterized by elevated levels of triglycerides in the blood hypertrophic cardiomyopathyA cardiac condition characterized by abnormal thickening of the heart muscle (myocardium) leading… hyperuricemiaA pathological condition characterized by elevated levels of uric acid in the blood hypocalcemiaA medical condition characterized by abnormally low levels of calcium in the blood hypocapniaAbnormally low levels of carbon dioxide in the blood hypocoagulabilityReduced ability or capacity for blood clotting hypocortisolismA pathological condition characterized by insufficient production or secretion of cortisol by the… hypoesthesiaAbnormal condition of reduced or diminished sensation; numbness hypoglycemiaA pathological condition characterized by abnormally low levels of glucose in the blood hypogonadismA medical condition characterized by insufficient production of sex hormones by the gonads… hypokalemiaA medical condition characterized by abnormally low levels of potassium in the blood hypomagnesemiaA medical condition characterized by abnormally low levels of magnesium in the blood hyponatremiaA medical condition characterized by abnormally low levels of sodium in the blood hypoparathyroidismA medical condition characterized by insufficient production of parathyroid hormone by the… hypophosphatemiaA medical condition characterized by abnormally low levels of phosphate in the blood hypopigmentationA condition characterized by reduced or absent pigmentation of the skin, hair, or eyes due to… hypopituitarismA condition characterized by insufficient production of hormones by the pituitary gland hypospadiasA congenital condition in males where the urethral opening is located on the underside of the… hypotensionabnormally low blood pressure hypothyroidismA medical condition characterized by an underactive thyroid gland, resulting in decreased… hypoxemiaAbnormally low concentration of oxygen in the blood hysterectomySurgical removal of the uterus hysterosalpingographyradiographic examination of the uterus and fallopian tubes using contrast medium hysteroscopyMedical examination of the uterine cavity using a hysteroscope

I

ichthyosisA skin condition characterized by dry, scaly, and fish-scale-like skin ileitisinflammation of the ileum, the final section of the small intestine ileostomyA surgical procedure creating an opening in the ileum (small intestine) for waste elimination ileusA condition characterized by an obstruction in the intestine, particularly the small intestine,… immunodeficiencyA condition in which the immune system is deficient or impaired, leading to increased… immunophenotypingThe process of identifying and classifying cells based on their surface markers and… immunoproliferative disorderA medical condition characterized by abnormal proliferation or increase of immune cells or immune… immunosuppressionThe reduction or inhibition of immune system function impetigoA contagious bacterial skin infection characterized by red sores and blisters insulinomaA tumor that produces insulin, typically resulting in hypoglycemia interstitial pneumonitisInflammation of the tissue between the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs, typically affecting the… intracerebral hemorrhagebleeding within the brain tissue intussusceptionThe condition in which one part of the intestine telescopes into another part

J

jejunitisInflammation of the jejunum, the middle section of the small intestine jejunostomyA surgical procedure creating an opening into the jejunum for the purpose of feeding or…

K

kaposi sarcomaA type of cancer that develops from cells that line the blood vessels or lymphatic vessels, named… keratoacanthomaA rapidly growing, dome-shaped skin lesion with a central keratin-filled crater, typically on… keratodermaA skin condition characterized by thickened, horny skin lesions keratosisAn abnormal condition characterized by excessive growth of horny (keratinized) tissue of the skin ketonuriathe presence of ketone bodies in the urine, typically indicating abnormal metabolism or diabetes kyphoplastySurgical procedure to correct spinal curvature by inserting a balloon to restore vertebral height… kyphosisAn abnormal forward curvature of the spine in the thoracic region, resulting in a humpback deformity

L

laminectomySurgical procedure involving the removal of the lamina, the bony posterior portion of a vertebra laminotomySurgical incision into a lamina of a vertebra, typically to relieve pressure on the spinal cord or… laparoscopyA medical procedure that involves examining the abdominal cavity using a laparoscope laryngeal papillomatosisA condition characterized by the growth of wart-like tumors (papillomas) in the larynx laryngectomysurgical removal of the larynx laryngitisinflammation of the larynx laryngomalaciaA condition characterized by softening or weakness of the laryngeal tissues, typically causing… laryngoscopyExamination of the larynx using a scope laryngospasmSudden, forceful closure of the vocal cords due to involuntary muscle spasms in the larynx leiomyomaA benign tumor composed of smooth muscle cells leiomyoma uteriA benign tumor composed of smooth muscle cells that arises from the myometrium of the uterus leiomyosarcomaa malignant tumor derived from smooth muscle cells that has a sarcomatous nature leukapheresisA medical procedure for removing white blood cells from the blood leukemiaA malignant disease of the blood and bone marrow characterized by an abnormal increase in white… leukocytoclastic vasculitisInflammation of blood vessels characterized by the destruction of white blood cells leukocytosisan abnormal condition characterized by an increased number of white blood cells in the blood leukoencephalopathyA neurological disorder characterized by white matter lesions in the brain, often involving… leukopeniaA medical condition characterized by an abnormally low number of white blood cells (leukocytes) in… leydig cell tumorA tumor arising from Leydig cells, which are found in the testes and produce testosterone lichenificationThe development of thickened, leathery skin with increased skin markings, typically due to chronic… ligamentoplastya surgical procedure to repair or reconstruct a ligament lipoidosisA pathological condition characterized by the accumulation of fatty substances in tissues and… lipomaA benign tumor composed of fat tissue liposarcomaa malignant tumor derived from fat tissue livedo reticularisA skin condition characterized by a mottled, purplish net-like pattern on the skin lobectomySurgical removal of a lobe of an organ, such as a lung lobectomy or liver lobectomy lordosisAn abnormal forward curvature of the spine in the cervical or lumbar regions lumpectomySurgical procedure to remove a breast lump or tumor while preserving the surrounding breast tissue lupus erythematosusA chronic autoimmune disease characterized by skin lesions that resemble a wolf's bite, with red,… lymphadenectomySurgical removal of a lymph node or lymph glands lymphadenopathyA pathological condition characterized by the abnormal enlargement or disease of lymph nodes lymphadenosisAn abnormal condition characterized by the enlargement or pathological changes in lymph nodes lymphangiectasiaabnormal dilatation of lymphatic vessels lymphangiomaA benign tumor composed of lymphatic vessels lymphangiomatosisA rare condition characterized by the development of multiple benign tumors (lymphangiomata) in… lymphangitisinflammation of the lymphatic vessels, typically characterized by red streaking along the skin… lymphedemaSwelling caused by accumulation of lymphatic fluid in tissues, typically in the extremities, due… lymphoblastic leukemiaA type of leukemia characterized by the presence of immature lymphoblasts in the blood and bone… lymphocytosisAn abnormal increase in the number of lymphocytes in the blood or lymphatic system lymphomaA malignant tumor arising from lymphocytes in the lymph nodes or other lymphoid tissues lymphopeniaA medical condition characterized by an abnormally low number of lymphocytes in the blood lymphopoiesisThe process of formation or production of lymphocytes and other lymphoid cells

M

macrocephalyA condition characterized by an abnormally large head circumference, often due to hydrocephalus,… macrocytic anemiaA type of anemia characterized by the presence of large, immature red blood cells (macrocytes) in… malabsorptionThe inability or failure of the digestive system to properly absorb nutrients from food, resulting… mammographyThe process of recording X-ray images of the breast for diagnostic purposes mammoplastySurgical repair or reconstruction of the breast mantle cell lymphomaA type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma characterized by the presence of small, mature lymphocytes with a… mastectomysurgical removal of the breast, typically performed as a treatment for breast cancer mastitisinflammation of breast tissue, typically occurring in lactating women mastocytosisAn abnormal condition characterized by an increased number of mast cells medullary thyroid carcinomaA type of thyroid cancer that arises from the parafollicular C cells of the thyroid gland, which… medulloblastomaA malignant tumor of the cerebellum composed of primitive neuroblasts megacolonAbnormal dilation or enlargement of the colon megaloblastic anemiaA type of anemia characterized by the presence of large, immature red blood cells (megaloblasts)… melanocytosisAn abnormal condition characterized by an increased number of melanocytes or excessive melanin… melanomaA malignant tumor derived from melanocytes (pigment-producing cells) melanosisAn abnormal condition characterized by excessive pigmentation or darkening of tissues membranous nephropathyA kidney disease characterized by the formation of membrane-like deposits in the glomeruli,… meningiomaA tumor arising from the meninges, the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord meningitisInflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord meningoceleA congenital condition where the meninges (membranes covering the brain and spinal cord) and… meniscectomysurgical removal of all or part of a meniscus, typically performed to treat meniscal tears or… menorrhagiaexcessive bleeding during menstrual periods merkel cell carcinomaA malignant tumor arising from Merkel cells, which are neuroendocrine cells found in the skin mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritisA type of glomerulonephritis characterized by proliferation of cells in the mesangium of the… mesenteric ischemiaA pathological condition characterized by reduced blood flow to the intestines, typically due to… mesenteric thrombosisA pathological condition characterized by the formation of a blood clot within the mesenteric… mesotheliomaA malignant tumor arising from the mesothelium, the protective lining that covers the lungs, chest… metabolic acidosisA pathological condition characterized by an excess of acid in the body fluids, typically due to… metabolic alkalosisA pathological condition characterized by an excess of alkaline substances in the body, typically… metabolic syndromeA cluster of conditions that occur together, increasing risk of heart disease, stroke, and type 2… methemoglobinemiaA blood condition characterized by the presence of methemoglobin in the blood, which cannot carry… metrorrhagiaAbnormal uterine bleeding occurring at irregular intervals and in excessive amounts microalbuminuriapresence of small amounts of albumin in the urine, often an early sign of kidney damage microcephalyA medical condition characterized by an abnormally small head and brain due to abnormal… microcytic anemiaA type of anemia characterized by the presence of small red blood cells (microcytes) due to… mitral regurgitationbackflow of blood through the mitral valve during ventricular systole monocytosisAn abnormal condition characterized by an increased number of monocytes (a type of white blood… mononeuropathya neurological condition affecting a single nerve or nerve group monoplegiaParalysis affecting only one limb or extremity morpheaA localized form of scleroderma characterized by hard, waxy patches of skin mucopolysaccharidosisA group of inherited metabolic disorders characterized by the deficiency of specific enzymes… muscular dystrophyA group of genetic disorders characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of skeletal… myalgiapain in a muscle or muscles myelitisInflammation of the bone marrow or spinal cord myeloblastosisa pathological condition characterized by the presence of immature bone marrow cells in the blood myelodysplasiaA condition characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis and dysplastic changes in the bone marrow,… myelofibrosisA chronic myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by fibrosis (scarring) of the bone marrow,… myelogenous leukemiaA type of leukemia characterized by the overproduction of white blood cells in the bone marrow myelomaA malignant tumor derived from plasma cells in the bone marrow myelomeningoceleA neural tube defect characterized by the protrusion of the spinal cord and meninges through a… myelopathyA disease or disorder affecting the bone marrow or spinal cord myeloproliferative disorderA group of disorders characterized by the excessive production of blood cells in the bone marrow myeloproliferative neoplasmA disease characterized by the excessive production of blood cells in the bone marrow myocardial fibrosisscarring and hardening of heart muscle tissue due to fibrous connective tissue deposition myocardial infarctiondeath of heart muscle tissue due to lack of blood supply myocarditisinflammation of the myocardium (heart muscle) myoclonusA sudden, involuntary muscle contraction or jerk myocytolysisThe breakdown or destruction of muscle cells myomectomysurgical removal of a fibroid tumor from the uterus myopathyA disease or disorder affecting muscle tissue myorrhaphySurgical suturing or repair of a muscle myositisInflammation of muscle tissue myotomysurgical incision of a muscle myotoniaA neuromuscular disorder characterized by the inability to relax muscles after contraction,…

N

nasopharyngeal carcinomaA malignant tumor arising in the nasopharyngeal region, characterized by uncontrolled cell growth… nasopharyngitisinflammation of the nasopharynx, the upper part of the throat behind the nose nephrectomysurgical removal of a kidney nephritisInflammation of the kidney nephroblastomaA malignant tumor of the kidney derived from immature kidney cells, also known as Wilms' tumor nephrolithiasisThe formation or presence of stones in the kidney nephrolithotomysurgical procedure to remove kidney stones by making an incision in the kidney nephropathyA pathological condition or disease of the kidney nephropexysurgical procedure to fix or anchor a kidney in its normal position nephrosclerosisA pathological condition characterized by the hardening and scarring of kidney tissue, often… nephrostolithotomySurgical procedure to remove kidney stones through an opening in the kidney nephrostomyA surgical procedure creating an artificial opening into the kidney for drainage of urine nephrotic syndromeA kidney disorder characterized by proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and edema nephrotoxicityThe quality or state of being toxic to the kidneys neuralgiapain along the course of a nerve neuritisinflammation of a nerve neurofibromaA benign tumor composed of nerve fibers and fibrous tissue, typically arising from nerve sheaths neurofibromatosisA genetic disorder characterized by the development of benign tumors (neurofibromas) along nerves… neuropathyA disease or pathological condition affecting the nerves neurorrhaphysurgical suturing of a nerve neurotomysurgical incision of a nerve neutropeniaA condition characterized by an abnormally low number of neutrophils (a type of white blood cell)… neutrophiliaAn abnormal condition characterized by an increased number of neutrophils in the blood nocturiaexcessive urination during the night non-hodgkin lymphomaA type of cancer that originates in the lymphatic system, specifically in lymphocytes, but does…

O

odynophagiaA condition characterized by painful swallowing oligodendrogliomaA diffuse, slow-growing primary brain tumor arising from oligodendrocytes, the glial cells… oligohydramniosA condition characterized by an insufficient amount of amniotic fluid surrounding the fetus oligomenorrheaA menstrual disorder characterized by infrequent or light menstrual periods oliguriaA medical condition characterized by the production of abnormally small amounts of urine onycholysisSeparation of the nail plate from the nail bed onychomycosisa fungal infection of the nail oophorectomySurgical removal of one or both ovaries oophoritisinflammation of the ovary orchidopexySurgical procedure to fix or anchor a testis in the scrotum orchiectomySurgical removal of one or both testes orchitisInflammation of one or both testes, most commonly caused by viral infection (mumps) or bacterial… orthopneaBreathing difficulty that occurs when lying flat and is relieved by sitting up or standing osteoarthritisinflammatory condition affecting the joints, characterized by degeneration of joint cartilage and… osteoblastomaA tumor composed of immature bone-forming cells (osteoblasts) osteochondritisInflammation of bone and cartilage, typically affecting the joints or growth plates osteochondromaA benign tumor composed of both bone and cartilage tissue osteoclastomaA tumor that destroys bone tissue osteodystrophyA condition characterized by abnormal bone development or function due to nutritional or metabolic… osteogenesis imperfectaA genetic disorder characterized by brittle bones that break easily due to defective collagen… osteoid osteomaA benign tumor composed of immature bone tissue that resembles normal bone but lacks mature bone… osteolysisThe pathological destruction or resorption of bone tissue osteomyelitisInflammation of the bone marrow and surrounding bone tissue, typically caused by bacterial infection osteonecrosisDeath of bone tissue due to interruption of blood supply (avascular necrosis), leading to bone… osteopeniaA condition characterized by lower-than-normal bone density, but not low enough to be classified… osteosarcomaA primary malignant bone tumor characterized by the direct formation of osteoid or immature bone… osteotomysurgical incision through bone ovarian carcinomaA malignant tumor arising from the ovarian tissue

P

pancreatectomySurgical removal of the entire pancreas pancreatic adenocarcinomaa malignant tumor arising from the glandular tissue of the pancreas pancreatitisinflammation of the pancreas pancytopeniaA condition characterized by a deficiency of all types of blood cells (red blood cells, white… panhypopituitarismA rare endocrine disorder characterized by the deficiency of all hormones produced by the anterior… panniculitisInflammation of the subcutaneous fat tissue papillary thyroid carcinomaA malignant tumor of the thyroid gland characterized by papillary projections paracentesissurgical puncture performed beside or outside a structure, typically to remove fluid paragangliomaA neoplasm arising from paraganglia, which are collections of neuroendocrine cells located outside… parakeratosisA dermatological condition characterized by the presence of abnormal keratinization, typically… paraphimosisA medical condition where the foreskin is retracted behind the glans penis and cannot be returned… paraplegiaparalysis of the lower limbs parathyroidectomySurgical removal of the parathyroid glands paresthesiaA sensation of tingling, pricking, or numbness without an apparent cause, often described as 'pins… paronychiaInflammation of the skin around the nail patent ductus arteriosusA congenital condition where the ductus arteriosus fails to close after birth, allowing abnormal… pemphigoidA chronic autoimmune skin condition characterized by blistering of the skin and mucous membranes pemphigusA group of rare autoimmune skin disorders characterized by the formation of blisters on the skin… penile carcinomaA malignant tumor of the penis pericardial effusionThe abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac surrounding the heart pericardiectomySurgical removal of the pericardium, the fibrous sac surrounding the heart pericardiocentesisA surgical procedure involving the puncture of the pericardium to remove fluid or blood pericardiotomySurgical incision into the pericardium, the fibrous sac surrounding the heart pericarditisinflammation of the pericardium, the fibrous sac surrounding the heart periostitisinflammation of the periosteum, the fibrous membrane covering the surface of bones peripheral neuropathyA condition affecting the peripheral nerves, causing symptoms such as numbness, tingling, and… peritoneal dialysisA dialysis procedure that uses the peritoneal membrane as a filter to remove waste products and… peritoneal mesotheliomaA malignant tumor arising from the mesothelial cells that line the peritoneal cavity peritonitisinflammation of the peritoneum, the membrane lining the abdominal cavity pharyngectomysurgical removal of the pharynx pharyngitisinflammation of the pharynx (throat) phenylketonuriaA genetic disorder characterized by the inability to metabolize phenylalanine, leading to its… pheochromocytomaA tumor derived from chromaffin cells, typically found in the adrenal medulla, that produces… phimosisA condition where the foreskin of the penis cannot be retracted over the glans phlebitisinflammation of a vein, typically characterized by pain, swelling, and redness along the affected… phlebotomysurgical incision of a vein for the removal of blood pituitary adenomaA benign tumor arising from the anterior pituitary gland, typically producing excessive hormones… pituitary macroadenomaA large benign tumor arising from the anterior pituitary gland that produces excessive hormones placenta previaA condition where the placenta partially or completely covers the cervical opening (cervix) during… placental abruptionPremature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall before delivery plantar fasciitisinflammation of the plantar fascia, a thick band of tissue that supports the arch of the foot plasmacytomaA malignant tumor composed of plasma cells plasmapheresisA medical procedure that separates plasma from blood cells for therapeutic purposes pleurectomySurgical removal of the pleura (the membrane covering the lungs and chest cavity) pleurisyInflammation of the pleura, the membrane that lines the chest cavity and lungs pleuritisinflammation of the pleura, the membrane that lines the chest cavity and covers the lungs pleurodesissurgical procedure that creates adhesion between the parietal and visceral pleura to prevent fluid… pleuropneumoniaInflammation of the lung and pleura (lining of the chest cavity) plexopathyA disease or disorder affecting a plexus, which is a network of nerves or blood vessels pneumoconiosisa chronic lung disease caused by inhaling dust particles, particularly coal, silica, or asbestos… pneumocystosisAn abnormal condition characterized by the presence of cysts in the lungs pneumomediastinumThe presence of air or gas in the mediastinum, the central compartment of the thoracic cavity pneumonectomysurgical removal of a lung pneumoniaInflammation of the lung tissue, typically affecting the alveoli pneumonitisinflammation of the lung tissue pneumothoraxAbnormal presence of air in the pleural cavity of the chest poikilocytosisThe presence of abnormal, varied-shaped red blood cells in the blood poikilodermaA skin condition characterized by irregular pigmentation and texture poliomyelitisInflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord, particularly affecting the anterior horn cells… polyarteritisInflammation of multiple arteries polycystic kidney diseaseA genetic disorder characterized by the growth of numerous cysts in the kidneys, leading to kidney… polycystic ovary syndromeA hormonal disorder characterized by multiple small cysts on the ovaries, leading to hormonal… polycythemiaA condition characterized by an excessive production of red blood cells in the bone marrow,… polydactylyA congenital condition characterized by the presence of extra fingers or toes polyhydramniosAn excessive accumulation of amniotic fluid around the fetus during pregnancy polymenorrheaAbnormal uterine bleeding characterized by frequent menstrual periods with normal or heavy flow polymyositisInflammation of multiple muscles polyneuropathyA neurological condition characterized by damage to multiple nerves throughout the body, often… polypectomySurgical removal of polyps, typically from the colon or other organs polyradiculoneuropathyA neurological disorder characterized by damage to multiple nerve roots and peripheral nerves,… polyuriaexcessive production or passage of urine porphyriaA group of rare metabolic disorders characterized by abnormal production of heme, leading to the… precocious pubertyEarly onset of puberty occurring before the normal age of 8-10 years in girls and 9-11 years in boys preeclampsiaA pregnancy complication characterized by high blood pressure and signs of damage to another organ… proctitisinflammation of the rectal mucosa proctocolectomySurgical removal of the rectum and colon prolactinomaA tumor that produces prolactin, a hormone that stimulates milk production prostatectomySurgical removal of the prostate gland prostatic adenocarcinomaa malignant tumor arising from the glandular cells of the prostate gland prostatic hyperplasiaabnormal enlargement of the prostate gland due to excessive cellular growth prostatitisInflammation of the prostate gland proteinuriathe presence of protein in the urine pruritusa sensation that causes the desire to scratch; itching pseudomembranous colitisInflammation of the colon characterized by the formation of false membranes psoriasisA chronic inflammatory skin condition characterized by red, scaly patches pulmonary adenocarcinomaA malignant tumor of the lung that originates in the glandular tissue pulmonary edemaabnormal accumulation of fluid in the lungs pulmonary embolismA blockage in one of the pulmonary arteries in the lungs, typically caused by a blood clot that… pulmonary fibrosisA condition characterized by the formation of excess fibrous connective tissue in the lungs,… pulmonary hypertensionElevated blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries, which carry blood from the heart to the lungs purpuraA condition characterized by purple or reddish discoloration of the skin or mucous membranes due… purpura fulminansA severe, life-threatening form of purpura characterized by widespread hemorrhagic lesions and… pyarthrosisAn abnormal condition characterized by the presence of pus within a joint pyelonephritisinflammation of the renal pelvis and kidney tissue, typically caused by bacterial infection pyeloplastySurgical repair or reconstruction of the renal pelvis, typically performed to correct obstruction… pyloric stenosisA condition characterized by the narrowing of the pylorus, the muscular opening between the… pyothoraxThe presence of pus in the pleural cavity, typically resulting from a bacterial infection pyuriapresence of pus in urine

Q

quadriplegiaparalysis of all four limbs (both arms and legs)

R

radiculopathyA medical condition characterized by damage or disease of nerve roots, often causing pain,… rectosigmoidoscopyMedical examination of the rectum and sigmoid colon using an endoscope renal artery stenosisA pathological condition characterized by the narrowing of the renal artery, which reduces blood… renal cell carcinomaA malignant tumor arising from the renal tubular epithelial cells of the kidney renal osteodystrophyA bone disease associated with chronic kidney disease characterized by abnormal bone metabolism… renal tubular acidosisA medical condition characterized by the kidney's inability to acidify urine, leading to metabolic… renovascular hypertensionHigh blood pressure caused by narrowing of the renal arteries respiratory acidosisA pathological condition characterized by an abnormally low pH of the blood and body tissues due… respiratory alkalosisA pathological condition characterized by elevated blood pH (alkaline) due to excessive loss of… restrictive cardiomyopathyA type of cardiomyopathy characterized by stiff or rigid heart muscle that impairs the heart's… reticulocytosisAn abnormal condition characterized by the presence of reticulated (network-like) red blood cells… retroperitoneal fibrosisA rare condition characterized by the formation of fibrous tissue in the retroperitoneal space,… rhabdomyolysisThe breakdown of skeletal muscle tissue resulting in the release of muscle fibers and their… rhabdomyomaA benign tumor composed of muscle fibers with a distinctive rod-like appearance under microscopic… rhabdomyosarcomaA malignant tumor composed of primitive muscle cells that resembles skeletal muscle histologically rhinitisinflammation of the nasal mucosa rhinoplastysurgical reconstruction or reshaping of the nose rhinorrheaexcessive discharge from the nose, commonly known as runny nose ricketsa disease in children characterized by softening and weakening of bones, typically caused by…

S

salpingitisinflammation of the fallopian tube salpingo-oophorectomySurgical removal of the fallopian tube and ovary sarcoidosisAn abnormal condition characterized by the formation of granulomas (small nodules) in various… sarcopeniaThe pathological loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength associated with aging schwannomaA benign tumor derived from Schwann cells that surround nerve fibers sclerodermaA connective tissue disease characterized by hardening and thickening of the skin sclerosisAbnormal hardening or scarring of tissue scoliosisAbnormal lateral curvature of the spine seborrheic keratosisA benign skin condition characterized by the excessive production and secretion of sebum, leading… seminomaA type of tumor that arises from germ cells, particularly in the testes or ovaries, characterized… septoplastysurgical procedure to correct a deviated nasal septum sertoli cell tumorA tumor arising from Sertoli cells in the testes, characterized by abnormal growth of these… sideroblastic anemiaA type of anemia characterized by the presence of ringed sideroblasts in the bone marrow, where… sigmoidoscopyMedical examination of the sigmoid colon using a sigmoidoscope silicosisA chronic lung disease caused by inhaling silica dust, characterized by inflammation and scarring… sinoatrial node dysfunctionA condition where the sinoatrial node (the heart's natural pacemaker) fails to function properly,… sinusitisinflammation of the sinus mucous membranes situs inversusA congenital condition in which the internal organs are positioned on the opposite side of the… somatostatinomaA tumor that produces and secretes somatostatin spermatoceleA cyst or sac containing sperm, typically occurring in the epididymis spherocytosisA hereditary hemolytic anemia characterized by the presence of spherical red blood cells that are… spina bifidaA congenital condition where the spine and spinal cord fail to develop properly, resulting in a… spirometryA diagnostic test that measures how much air a person can inhale and exhale, and how quickly they… splenectomysurgical removal of the spleen splenomegalypathological enlargement of the spleen spondylitisinflammation of one or more vertebrae spondylolisthesisA spinal condition in which one vertebra slips forward or backward relative to the adjacent… spondylolysisA condition characterized by the breakdown or destruction of vertebrae, often referring to a… spondylosisAn abnormal condition of the vertebrae, typically characterized by degenerative changes in the spine squamous cell carcinomaa type of cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells that line the surfaces… steatorrheaexcessive fat in feces; fatty stool subarachnoid hemorrhagehemorrhage occurring in the subarachnoid space, the area between the arachnoid mater and pia mater… subdural hematomaA pathological condition characterized by the accumulation of blood between the dura mater and the… subluxationA partial dislocation or subluxation of a joint, where the bones are partially displaced but not… sympathectomySurgical removal of part of the sympathetic nervous system syndactylyA congenital condition where two or more fingers or toes are fused or joined together syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresisA condition characterized by excessive water retention due to inappropriate secretion of… synovectomySurgical removal of the synovial membrane from a joint synovitisInflammation of the synovial membrane that lines the joints syringomyeliaA neurological condition characterized by the formation of a fluid-filled cyst or cavity within… systemic sclerosisA systemic autoimmune disease characterized by fibrosis and hardening of the skin and internal… systolic dysfunctionabnormal contraction function of the heart muscle during systole

T

tachycardiaAn abnormally rapid heart rate, typically over 100 beats per minute in adults tachypneaabnormal rapid breathing telangiectasiaAbnormal dilation of small blood vessels, particularly capillaries and venules, often appearing as… tendinitisinflammation of a tendon tendinopathyA pathological condition affecting tendons, characterized by pain, swelling, and dysfunction of… tenorrhaphySurgical suturing or repair of a tendon tenosynovitisInflammation of the synovial sheath surrounding a tendon teratomaA tumor containing tissues of different types, resembling a malformed or abnormal fetus testicular torsionA medical emergency where the testis twists within the scrotum, cutting off its blood supply tetralogyThe study or classification of four related items or conditions thalassemiaA genetic disorder characterized by abnormal hemoglobin production, leading to anemia thoracentesissurgical puncture of the pleural cavity in the chest for removal of fluid or air thoracotomysurgical incision into the chest wall thromboangiitisInflammation of blood vessels accompanied by clot formation thrombocytopeniaA medical condition characterized by an abnormally low number of platelets (thrombocytes) in the… thrombocytosisAn abnormal condition characterized by an excessive number of blood cells (thrombocytes) in the… thromboembolic diseaseA medical condition characterized by the presence of blood clots (thrombi) that have traveled… thromboembolismThe formation and movement of a blood clot (thrombus) that becomes an embolus and blocks a blood… thrombolysisThe process of breaking down or dissolving a blood clot thrombophlebitisinflammation of a vein accompanied by clot formation thrombopoiesisThe process of formation and development of thrombocytes (platelets) from megakaryocytes in the… thrombosisThe formation or presence of a blood clot in the circulatory system thrombotic microangiopathyA condition characterized by the formation of small blood clots within small blood vessels,… thymectomysurgical removal of the thymus gland thymic hyperplasiaAn abnormal increase in the size or number of cells in the thymus gland thymomaA tumor of the thymus gland thyroglossal duct cystA congenital cyst that forms along the thyroglossal duct, typically containing fluid and located… thyroid adenomaA benign tumor arising from glandular tissue in the thyroid gland thyroid carcinomamalignant tumor arising from thyroid gland tissue thyroidectomysurgical removal of the thyroid gland thyroiditisinflammation of the thyroid gland thyromegalyenlargement of the thyroid gland thyrotoxicosisA pathological condition caused by excessive production or action of thyroid hormones,… tonsillectomysurgical removal of the tonsils tracheitisinflammation of the trachea (windpipe) tracheobronchitisInflammation of the trachea and bronchi, typically characterized by coughing and difficulty… tracheomalaciaA condition characterized by softening and weakness of the tracheal cartilage, leading to airway… tracheostomya surgical procedure creating an opening in the trachea for breathing tracheotomysurgical incision into the trachea to create an opening for breathing transient ischemic attackA temporary disruption of blood supply to part of the brain, causing stroke-like symptoms that… transitional cell carcinomaA malignant tumor arising from transitional epithelial cells, typically found in the urinary… transurethral resectionA surgical procedure involving the removal of tissue or organs through the urethra tuberculosisa bacterial infection that typically affects the lungs and is characterized by the formation of… tubulointerstitial nephritisInflammation of the kidney tubules and interstitial tissue

U

uremiaA medical condition characterized by the presence of urea and other nitrogenous waste products in… ureterectomySurgical removal of the ureter ureteroceleA congenital anomaly characterized by the dilatation of the terminal portion of the ureter,… ureterolithotomySurgical procedure to remove a stone (calculus) from the ureter by making an incision ureteropelvic junction obstructionA medical condition where the connection between the ureter and the renal pelvis is blocked or… ureteroplastyA surgical procedure to repair or reconstruct the ureter ureteroscopyA medical procedure using a scope to visually examine the ureter urethrectomysurgical removal of the urethra urethritisInflammation of the urethra urethroplastyA surgical procedure to repair or reconstruct the urethra urodynamic studyA diagnostic test that measures how well the bladder and urethra store and release urine urothelial carcinomaA malignant tumor arising from the urothelial cells lining the urinary tract urticariaA skin condition characterized by itchy, raised welts or hives that appear due to an allergic…

V

vaginitisInflammation of the vagina vagotomysurgical cutting or division of the vagus nerve valvular endocarditisInflammation of the endocardium (inner lining of the heart) affecting the heart valves valvulitisinflammation of a valve, especially of a heart valve valvuloplastyA surgical procedure to repair or reconstruct a valve, typically used in cardiac surgery to… varicoceleA swelling or herniation of veins, typically occurring in the scrotum or spermatic cord varicosityA condition characterized by twisted or distorted blood vessels, typically referring to varicose… vasculitisinflammation of blood vessels or lymphatic vessels vasectomySurgical procedure to remove or sever the vas deferens, typically performed as a form of male… vasospasmabnormal constriction or spasmodic contraction of blood vessels vasovasostomyA surgical procedure creating an opening between two vessels, typically used in reconstructive… venesectionSurgical incision of a vein for the removal of blood venographyThe process of producing images of veins, typically using X-ray imaging with contrast dye to… ventricular hypertrophyabnormal enlargement or thickening of the heart ventricular walls ventricular septal defectA congenital heart defect characterized by an abnormal opening in the septum between the… ventricular tachycardiaA cardiac arrhythmia characterized by rapid heartbeats originating from the ventricles ventriculographyRadiographic imaging study of the ventricles of the brain ventriculoperitoneal shuntA medical device that diverts cerebrospinal fluid from the brain's ventricles to the peritoneal… ventriculostomya surgical procedure creating an opening into a ventricle, typically the lateral ventricle of the… vertebroplastysurgical procedure to repair fractured vertebrae using bone cement vesicoureteral refluxbackward flow of urine from the bladder back into the ureters virilizationThe development of male characteristics in a female, or the appearance of male characteristics in… vitiligoA skin condition characterized by the loss of pigment, resulting in white patches on the skin volvulusA condition in which a loop of intestine or other organ becomes twisted upon itself, causing… vulvar carcinomaa malignant tumor arising from the tissues of the vulva vulvitisinflammation of the vulva vulvodyniaA chronic pain condition affecting the vulvar region, characterized by persistent pain without…

W

wilms tumorA malignant tumor of the kidney, especially in children, named after Dr. Edwin Wilms who first…

X

xanthelasmaA yellowish plaque or lesion, typically found on the eyelids, caused by lipid deposits xanthomaA yellowish tumor or growth, typically composed of lipid-laden macrophages, often associated with…

Y

yolk sac tumorA type of germ cell tumor that develops from yolk sac tissue, characterized by the presence of…